Eurasia, Study Guide: R. James Ferguson © 2004
INTR13-304 & INTR71/72-304, The Department of International Relations, FHSS,
Bond University, Queensland, AustraliaSubject Outline and Introduction
INTR13-304 (Undergraduate)
EURASIA
(Russia, Central Asia and the Far East)
Semester 1, 2004
Map Courtesy of Perry Castaneda Map Library
1. Introduction
This subject focuses on new relations emerging between Europe and Asia, on affairs in Russia, Central Asia, and the interaction of Russia with China, Japan and Korea. This subject will look in detail at the economic, political, cultural and strategic interests that have transformed the nature of modern Eurasia, trends which have accelerated through 2001-2004 with the transformation of Afghanistan and changing power relations in the Middle East.
Particular topics will include the current Russian effort to strengthen its global role, China-Russia relations, the reconstruction of Afghanistan, the future of Siberia, new prospects for Central Asian states, ecological and developmental problems, Caspian oil politics, the role of Islam and religious politics, and the influence of regional players such as Turkey and Iran. Major foreign policy and security issues which affect Eurasia, including Russian, Chinese, Japanese, EU and US initiatives will be studied, as will economic interactions between Western Europe and East Asia.
In ancient times the Silk Road once linked these regions through a shared interest in trade. Today convergent economic interests are challenged by different perceptions of how security and cultural stability might be developed. The subject will look at traditional influences, current events, and diagnose trends and problems that will impact upon the future of Eurasia.
2. The Subject Outline
Welcome to Eurasia. This Subject Outline is designed to assist your organisation and learning in this subject. It contains a list of lectures, seminar options, sample essay questions, selected references, and assessment details. The subject has been designed to provide a base of information from which you can branch out to your own interests and areas of expertise. As well as individual assignments, group think-tank and scenario construction exercises will be used to develop student insight. The course will explore alternative ways of conceptualising world affairs in the current era. No prerequisites are needed to undertake this subject.
3. Lecture Topics
The following list contains the theme of study for each week and the lecture topic.
Lecture Time: 2 hrs (check latest timetable)
Seminar Time: 1 hr (check latest timetable
Lecturer: Dr R. James Ferguson (main lecturer and coordinator)
Ph. +61 7 55 952520 Email: james_ferguson@bond.edu.au Email: james_ferguson@bond.edu.au
Guest Lecturers: Dr Rosita Dellios & Jill Margerison
Lecture Timetable:
Week Lecture Topic
Week 1: Theme - Europe, Asia and Eurasia
Lecture: Eurasia - Super-Region or Zone of Conflict?
Week 2: Theme - Russian and Soviet Influence
Lecture: From Russian Empire to Eurasian Power
Week 3: Theme - Development and Nation-building in Central Asia
Lecture: Kazakhstan - From Exploitation to Nationhood in Central Asia
Week 4: Theme - Japan and Eurasia (Guest Lecturer)
Lecture: Japanese Engagement in Eurasia
Week 5: Theme - Russian-Chinese Relations (Guest lecturer)
Lecture: Russia-China Relations: The Bear and the Dragon
Week 6: Theme - Nationalism and Conflict
Lecture: An Arc of Instability? - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Chechnya
Week 7: Theme - Siberia, Japanese-Russian, Korean-Russian Relations
Lecture: Siberia, The Russian Far-East, and the 'Future Land'
Week 8: Theme - Great Religious Cultures Between Asia & Europe
Lecture: Islam on the Silk Road
Week 9: Theme - Regional Influences and Opportunities
Lecture: Turkey and New Regional Games
Week 10: Theme - Reconstructing the Eurasian Heartland
Lecture: The Afghanistan Reconstruction: From War to Democracy?
Week 11: Theme - Globalisation and Trade
Lecture: Emerging Global Relationships - Europe and East Asia
Week 12: Prospects for Eurasia
Lecture: Avenues Out of Crisis: Global Imperatives for a Stable Eurasia
4. Initial Reading
The text book for the subject is: -
FERGUSON, R. James & DELLIOS, Rosita Eurasia, Lecture Bloc, 2003-2004 (lecture notes distributed to students in sections throughout the course)
Voluntary Further Reading could begin with the following books. They are held in Bond University Library. You might like to dip into one or two of them. See the 'General Bibliography' below for a more detailed list that will help your seminar or essay research.
AKINER, Shirin Central Asia: Conflict or Stability and Development, London, Minority Rights Group, 1997
ARBATOV, Aleksei et al. Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1999
COOLEY, John K. & SAID, Edward W. Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, London, Pluto Press, 2002
EAST ASIA ANALYTICAL UNIT Pacific Russia: Risks and Rewards, Canberra, EAAU, 1996
FRANCK, Irene M. & BROWNSTONE, David M. The Silk Road: A History, N.Y., Facts on File, 1986
GILL, Bates & ORESMAN, Matthew China's New Journey to the West: China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for US Interests, Washington, CSIS, 2003
HANN, C.M. (ed.) Post-Socialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia, London, Routledge, 2002
HUTCHINGS, Raymond Japan's Economic Involvement in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, N.Y., St. Martin's Press, 1999
JACKSON, Nicole J. Russian Foreign Policy and the CIS, London, Routledge, 2003
KLEVEMAN, Lutz The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia, N.Y., Atlantic Monthly Press, September 2003
STROEV, E.S. et al Russia and Eurasia at the Crossroads: Experiences and Problems of Economic Reforms in the Commonwealth of Independent States, N.Y., Springer Verlag, 1999
TRENIN, Dmitri et al. The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization, Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002
WEISBRODE, Kenneth Central Eurasia: Prize or Quicksand?: Contending Views of Instability in Karabakh, Ferghana and Afghanistan, Adelphi Paper 338, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2001
Internet and Database Sources
A wide range of material will also be found on the Internet, but these are of variable quality. Some material is excellent, other pages are biased, out-of-date, or misleading. Feel free to use Internet material, but remember that not all Websites are edited or refereed (unlike journals or books). It is best to double check controversial points, and use a mixture of sources. In all cases where you use on-line materials, if possible cite the author, title, homepage, and date. The following Internet resources may be of particular use: -
A range of databases will be found under the Databases option of the Bond University Library Webpage, e.g. Ebsco, Infotrac SearchBank and APA, as well as Ebrary on-line books. Access through the Bond University homepage at
http://www.bond.edu/library/Eurasianet
has a good range of sources on Russia and Central Asia, including Eurasia Insight, a series of good analysis pieces. Access via http://www.eurasianet.org/Transitions On-Line
contains detailed current and archive information on Russia, Eurasia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Web address = http://www.tol.cz Current news can be accessed immediately (look at their 'week in review section').A range of case studies will be found in the Trade and Environment Database (TED), which includes environmental and economic studies which affect Russia and Central Asia. Web address =
http://www.american.edu/ted/ted.htmA number of useful articles on International Relations, China, Islam and Foreign Policy, along with course materials will be found in the International Relations Portal at
www.international-relations.com This site is maintained by the course coordinator and includes the journal The Culture Mandala, and Research Papers from the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies. 2003 lecture materials will be added towards the end of the semester.A fair range of journal and news material on Eurasia can be found at the free database Findarticles at
www.findarticles.comThe Brookings Institution has a wide range of materials on Russia, Central Asia, and Eurasia, located at www.brook.edu
Some useful diplomatic updates on Eurasian, Russian and Central Asian affairs will be found in the Diplomacy Monitor, located at http://www.diplomacymonitor.com
Several journals and papers provide selective coverage of themes related to this course, some available in hard copy, others via databases. Some of these are listed below: -
Journals and Papers
* The Adelphi Papers
* Asian Defence Reporter
* Asian Wall Street Journal
* Beijing Review
* Central Asian Survey (via Bond University Library databases)
* China Quarterly
* Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia
* The Economist
* Eurasia
* Europe-Asia Studies
* Far Eastern Economic Review
* Financial Times
* Foreign Affairs
* Foreign Policy
* International Affairs
* International Journal of Middle East Studies
* International Politics
* Journal of Northeast Asia Studies
* Newsweek
* NBR Analysis
* Political Science Quarterly
* Problems of Communism
* Survival
* Time
* World Policy Journal
* World Politics
5. Assessment
Grades are awarded on the standard, qualitative Bond University scale. Students are expected to meet normal academic criteria. Students may use either the footnote or author-date system of referencing so long as this is done consistently (good advice on referencing and writing academic papers will be found at www.allenandunwin.com/estudy.asp). Essays without references within the body of the paper will not be accepted. Standard academic rules apply to this course. Remember that plagiarism, which is the unacknowledged use of another person's words or ideas, verbatim or paraphrased, will result in severe penalties (see University Handbook). Please talk to your lecturer if in doubt about these issues. Standard referencing techniques, as taught in the Core Communication Skills subject, or in other Bond University International Relations subjects, are acceptable.
Assessment Breakdown:
Undergraduate students are encouraged to take an active part in class discussion and seminars. Assessment is composed of: -
1) Essay (approx. 2,250 words) - 30%
2) Seminar Paper (approx. 2,250 words) - 30%
3) Exam - 30%
4) Seminar Presentation Mark - 10%
Due Dates:
Seminar Presentation: As booked into Seminar Timetable (this will be passed out in the first tutorial, and finalised by Week 3). Presentation slots will be available for Weeks 2-11. Note that the oral presentation and the written paper are both compulsory parts of seminar process. Seminars which have not been presented will not be marked.
Written Seminar Paper: One week after Presentation.
Essays: Due end of Week 10. It is suggested that you have your topic finalised by Week 8. Extensions need to be negotiated in advance and on the basis of serious criteria accepted by the coordinator.
Seminar Guidelines
The aim of the seminars is to 1) expose other students to a wide range of topics, data, research and viewpoints 2) to stimulate thought and discussion on the topic 3) to sharpen presentation and discussion skills 4) to act as a 'risk free' run through of your paper 5) to cover subjects in more detail than can be done in the lectures. They are an integral part of the subject.
After verbal presentation of the seminar, the final version of the seminar paper is submitted one week later. Any ideas or areas for improvement which have been pointed out by the lecturer or other students should be incorporated into the final version of your paper. The seminars also help assess your progress in the subject, so that I can give you help or advice as required. Note, however, that the written up seminar papers should be as well-researched and referenced as your essay papers. Both the oral presentation and the written seminar paper are required components of the subject.
A range of themes are briefly indicated below. (Seminars need not be presented in the same week as the lecture theme to which they relate.) Choose one of these areas, or see the lecturer to plan an individual topic. Do not choose a seminar topic that is the same as, or overlaps too closely, with your essay question. You will need to do some individual research on this, and use current magazines, papers and journals to cover some issues. See the librarian for help in identifying some of these resources.
In the presentation, it is best to provide students with a 'base' information sheet, outlining your topic, the central question, the key facts, and a summary of your conclusion. Include a bibliography of your sources and ensure that you reference these properly. Since there will be 1-3 speakers each week, plan your speaking time for 15 minutes with 5-10 minutes discussion time. You will need to have prepared some key questions to lead this class discussion. You may use video sources, overheads, computer or audio materials but ensure that suitable equipment is available. If you are using video, use short and appropriate film selections. Remember, you will not be assessed on how good a speaker you are. You will be assessed on your ideas, evidence and arguments.
If you have booked in for a week ensure that you present at that time. If you need to re-book a time, see your lecturer in advance. Students will not be allowed to re-book into fully-loaded weeks. Material presented in seminars is an important part of the subject. Your final, written-up seminar paper should be handed in one week later, making any needed changes.
Sample Seminar Topics
You may choose one of these sample topics. Alternatively, speak to your lecturers of you wish to develop your own question, but make it relates to subject content. See the references attached to lecture handouts, and the General Bibliography (below) for research materials. Do not do a seminar that overlaps directly with your essay topic. (Author date references are listed at the end in the Research Bibliography.)
6. Sample Essay Questions
The following is a list of sample questions that may be chosen as your essay. Alternatively, you may wish to formulate new questions, or alter these, with the help of your lecturer. See the references attached to lecture handouts, and the General Bibliography (below) for research materials. Do not do an essay that overlaps directly on your seminar paper.
1) 'Opening a new "silk road" from China through Central Asia has risks as well as benefits.' Critically discuss.
2) How serious a problem is terrorism in Eurasia today? Has the international intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001-2004) solved this problem? Discuss, using examples.
3) What are the main stumbling blocks in Japan-Russia relations? Are they likely to be resolved, and if so, how?
4) What are the prospects for a revival of Buddhist, Taoist or Confucian culture in the Peoples' Republic of China? What would be the political impact of such a revival?
5) What foreign policy agenda is pursued by the Dalai Lama? What does he hope to achieve for Tibet?
6) Does the 'renaissance' of Islam present a threat to democracy in Central Asian states such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and/or Kazakhstan? (Begin with Rashid 2001.)
7) Has Russian (and earlier Soviet) policy towards Central Asia aimed at keeping the region divided and weak? Critically discuss, including developments over the last decade.
8) Was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan a 'mistake'? What were the causes of this invasion?
9) Will the energy and mineral resources of Siberia become more strategically significant during the 21st century? Critically discuss in the light of regional and global trends that will affect access to, and the use of, such resources.
10) Has peace been achieved in Chechnya? What are the implications of this settlement for the Russian Federation?
11) Is a new 'Great Game' commencing for regional influence in Central Asia? Critically examine the roles of at least two of the following in Central Asian Affairs: Russia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, the U.S. and China.
12) "The US vision of Central Asia and the Caucasus as a region of independent democracies buoyed by new-found oil wealth and part of an expanding 'Euro-Atlantic Community' may yield to a much grimmer reality of poverty, disease and human suffering." (Jaffe & Manning 1998, p114). Which outcome is most likely? Critically discuss these different prospects.
13) Will Georgia emerge as viable democratic state over the next decade? Consider trends from 1992.
14) To what degree has organised crime affected the economic development and the law and order of Central Asian States and/or Russia? How can this problem be solved or stabilised?
15) Outline the key features of President Putin's foreign policy. What are its strengths and weaknesses?
16) Outline Russian military doctrine as it has emerged under President Putin. What are the implications for Central Asia and the Caucasus?
17) What are the prospects of the current leadership of Afghanistan (2002-2004) building a stable and viable economy? What problems are they likely to face?
18) Has a new understanding emerged between Russia and the U.S. since September 2001? What tensions remain in this relationship?
19) 'For the next two decades, oil from the Persian Gulf will continue to remain more important than Central Asian oil resources.' (See Jaffe & Manning 1998) What are the implications of this assessment? Critically discuss.
20) Environmental problems in parts of Eurasia have worsened since 1992. Critically discuss using major examples. (Begin with Saiko 2000)
21) Does India have specific foreign policy and economic interests in Central Asia and Iran? What benefits might flow from such relationships?
22) What is the current state of the Russian media? Is it a free and open, or does it face certain pressures and limitations?
23) Are Russia and China 'strategic partners' or 'strategic competitors'? What are the implications of such orientations?
24) Did Marco Polo really visit China, or is his account suspiciously full of errors?
25) Has Uzbekistan gained benefits through its negotiations with the U.S. during the 2001-2003 period? Will this new strategic significance help or hinder democracy in the region?
26) Should NATO be more involved in Eurasian security affairs? Critically discuss, including trends over the 2001-2004 period.
27) What is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO, also called the Shanghai Forum)? What role has it played in stabilising wider Central Asia?
28) Sufism has begun to revive in Afghanistan after the defeat of the Taliban. In general, how is this form of Islam different to the militant forms of Islam? (Begin with Rashid 2001)
29). Design a possible foreign policy agenda for Iran over the next decade. What should be its external priorities? (Base this on research and current realities.)
7. General Research Bibliography
The following is a small selection of materials related to the subject themes. Books will be found on loan shelves, the reserve section, reference shelves, or have been ordered. Articles will be found on journal shelves, in Vertical Files, or via Databases and the Internet. If you have trouble locating any items, please contact the Reference Librarians.
Books and Articles Useful for Seminars and Essays:
You can scan through this list to find some articles or books that will help you begin your essay or seminar:
ADOMEIT, Hannes "Russia: Partner or Risk Factor in European Security", Adelphi Paper 285, London, IISS, February 1994, pp15-33
AHMED, Akbar S. Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988
ALLISON, Roy Military Forces in the Soviet Successor States, Adelphi Paper 280, London, IISS, October 1993
ALLWORTH, Edward (ed.) Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview, Duke University Press, 1994
ANDERSON, John Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy, Abingdon, Harwood Publishers, 1999
ANTONENKO, Oksana "Putin's Gamble", Survival, 43 no. 4, Winter 2001, pp49-60
ARBATOV, Aleksei et al. Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1999
Ayalon, David Outsiders in the Lands of Islam: Mamluks, Mongols, and Eunuchs, London, Variorum Reprints, 1988
AYOOB, Mohammed "South-West Asia After the Taliban?", Survival, 44 no. 1, Spring 2002, pp51-68
BALMACEDA, Margarita On the Edge: Central European-Russian Security Triangle, N.Y., Central European University Press, 2001
BARNARD, Bruce "European Energy Charter: Swapping Technology for Oil", Europe, November 1994, pp20-21
BARNARD, Bruce "The Rising Sun in the Old World", Europe, June 1993, pp31-33
Batchelor, Stephen The Jewel in the lotus: A Guide to the Buddhist Traditions of Tibet, London, Wisdom Publications, Longmead, Shaftesbury, Dorset, 1987
BECKWITH, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1987
Boardman, Robert Post-socialist World Orders: Russia, China and the UN System, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1994
BOHR, Annette Uzbekistan: Politics and Foreign Policy, London, Royal Institute of International Affairs Research Papers, 1997
BRIDGES, Brian Europe and the Challenge of the Asia Pacific, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 1999
BUKHARIN, Oleg "Nuclear Safeguards and Security in the Former Soviet Union", Survival, 36 no.4, Winter 1994-95, pp53-72
CHUBIN, Shahram Whither Iran? Reform, Domestic Politics and National Security, Adelphi Paper 342, London, IISS, 2002
COHEN, Ariel "Post-War Central Asia: A Complex Matrix", Eurasia Insight, 23 October 2001 [Internet Access via
http://www.eurasianet.org/]COOLEY, John K. & SAID, Edward W. Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, London, Pluto Press, 2002
DADWAL, Sheboni "Politics of Oil: Caspian Imbroglio", Strategic Analysis, 22 no. 5, August 1998, p737-750 (Vertical File)
Dawisha, Karen Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval, N.Y., CUP, 1994
DAWISHA, Adeed & DAWISHA (ed.) Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1995
De TEMPLE, James "Central Asian Rapid Reaction Force Support Gathered", Eurasia Insight, 3 May 2001 [Internet Access via
http://www.eurasianet.org/]DIENES, Leslie Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices, Boulder, Westview Press, 1987
Dmytryshyn, Basil & Cox, Frederick The Soviet Union and the Middle East: A Documentary Record of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, 1917-1985, Princeton, NJ, Kingston Press, 1987
DWAN, Renata et al. (eds.) Building Security in the New States of Eurasia: Subregional Cooperation in the Former Soviet Space, N.Y., M. E. Sharpe, 2000
EHTHESHAMI, Anoushiravan (ed.) Iran and Eurasia, London, Garnet Pub Ltd, 2000
EINHORN, Robert J. & SAMORE, Gary "Ending Russian Assistance to Iran's Nuclear Bomb", Survival, 44 no. 2, Summer 2002, pp51-70
Endress, Gerhard An introduction to Islam, New York, Columbia University Press, 1988
Esposito, John L. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, New York, Oxford University Press, 1992
EWANS, Martin Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics, N.Y., HarperCollins, 2002
FORSYTHE, Rosemarie The Politics of Oil in The Caucasus and Central Asia, Adelphi Paper 300, London, IISS, 1996
FRANCK, Irene M. & BROWNSTONE, David M. The Silk Road: A History, N.Y., Facts on File, 1986
GADDY, Clifford & HILL, Fiona "The Siberian curse: does Russia's geography doom its chances for market reform?", Brookings Review, 21 no. 4, Fall 2003, pp23-27
GALL, Carlotta et al. Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus, N.Y., New University Press, 1998
GARDINER-GARDIN, John Eurasia in Transition: Internal Change and International Interests, Canberra, Department of Parliament Library, 1995
GILL, Bates & ORESMAN, Matthew China's New Journey to the West: China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for US Interests, Washington, CSIS, 2003
GODEMENT, Francois "Europe and Asia: the Missing Link", in Asia's International Role in the Post-Cold War Era, Part II, Adelphi Paper 276, 1993, pp94-103
GORENBURG, Dmitry " Nationalism for the Masses: Popular Support for Nationalism in Russia's Ethnic Republics", Europe-Asia Studies, 53 no. 1, January 2001
Hahm, Hongjoo The Development of the Private Sector in a Small Economy in Transition: The Case of Mongolia, Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1993
HANN, C.M. (ed.) Post-Socialism: Ideals, Ideologies and Practices in Eurasia, London, Routledge, 2002
HARADA, Chikahito Russia and North-east Asia, London, Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997
Harper, Caroline An assessment of Vulnerable Groups in Mongolia: Strategies for Social Policy Planning, Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1994
Heper, Metin & Evin, Ahmet (eds.) State, Democracy, and the Military: Turkey in the 1980s, New York, W. de Gruyter, 1988
HARRIS, Lillian Craig "Xinjiang, Central Asia and the Implications for China's Policy in the Islamic World", China Quarterly, 1993, pp111-129
HIRO, Dilip Between Marx and Muhammed: The Changing Face of Central Asia, London, Harper Collins, 1994
HIRO, Dilip Islamic Fundamentalism, London, Paladin Grafton Books, 1988
HOLM, Hans-Henrik (ed.) Whose World Order?: Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War, Boulder, Westview Press, 1995
HORSEMAN, Matthew & MARSHALL, Andrew After the Nation-State: Citizens, Tribalism and the New World Disorder, Harper Collins, 1994
HUTCHINGS, Raymond et al. Japan's Economic Involvement in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, N.Y., St Martin's Press, 1999
IKENBERRY, G. John "American Grand Strategy in the Age of Terror", Survival, 43 no. 4, Winter 2001, pp19-34
JACKSON, Nicole J. Russian Foreign Policy and the CIS, London, Routledge, 2003
JAFFE, Amy Myers & MANNING, Robert A. "The Myth of the Caspian 'Great Game': The Real Geopolitics of Energy", Survival, 40 no. 4, Winter 1998-1999, pp112-131
JOHNSON, Lena Russia in Central Asia, London, Royal Institute of International Affairs Research Papers, 1998
JONES, Benjamin "The Silk Road", Europe, March 1995, pp30-32
KAKER, M. Massan Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, University of California Press, 1995
KATIK, Mevlut "Turkey Seeks to Carve Out Conflict Resolution Role in the Caucasus", Eurasia Insight, 16 January 2004 [Internet Access at http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav011404.shtml]
KEMP, Geoffrey "The Persian Gulf Remains the Strategic Prize", Survival, 40 no. 4, Winter 1998-1999, pp132-149
KIICHIRO, Fukasaku et al. (eds) Asia and Europe: Beyond Competing Regionalism, Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 1998
Kim, Roy U. T & Conroy, Hilary (eds.) New Tides in the Pacific: Pacific Basin Cooperation and the Big Four (Japan, PRC, USA, USSR), New York, Greenwood Press, 1987
Klass, Rosanne (ed.) Afghanistan, the Great Game Revisited, New York, N.Y., Freedom House, 1987
KLEVEMAN, Lutz The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia, N.Y., Atlantic Monthly Press, September 2003
KNEZYS, Stasys & SEDLICKAS, Romanas The War in Chechnya, College Station, Texas A & M University Press, 1999
KOHN, David "Taliban Collapse May Help Heroin Trade", Eurasia Insight, 5 December 2001 [Internet Access via
http://www.eurasianet.org/]KREMENIUK, Viktor Conflicts in and Around Russia: Nation-Building in Difficult Times, N.Y., Greenwood Press, 1994
KUZNETSOV, Andrei & KUZNETSOV, Olga "Institutions, Business and the State in Russia. (Industry Overview)", Europe-Asia Studies, 55 no. 6, Sept 2003, pp907-922
LAIRD, Laurie "Is Kazakhstan the New Kuwait?", Europe, November 1994, pp18-19
LEPINGWELL, John W.R. "The Russian Military and Security Policy in the 'Near Abroad'", Survival, 36 no. 3, Autumn 1994, pp70-92
Lewis, Bernard The Political Language of Islam, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1988
Lohbeck, Kurt Holy War, Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan, Washington, D.C., Regnery Gateway, 1993
MALIK, Hafeez (ed.) Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects, N.Y., St. Martin's Press, 1994
Malik, Hafeez Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947-92, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1994
MAMADSHOYEV, Marat "The Shanghai G-5 Becomes the Shanghai Forum", Eurasia Insight, 7 July 2000 [Internet Access]
MANDELBAUM, Michael (ed.) Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgzstan, and Turkmenistan, Council Foreign Relations, 1994
MARPLES, David R. Belarus: A Denationalized Nation, Abingdon, Harwood Publishers, 1999
MASIH, Joseph R. & KRIKORIAN, Robert O. Armenia at the Crossroads, Abingdon, Harwood Publishers, 1999
Mayor, Ann Elizabeth Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics, Boulder, Westview Press, 1995
MEGORAN, Nick "Conduct of Afghan Campaign Undermines US Argument for Open Society Development in Central Asia", Eurasia Insight, 11 December 2001 [Internet Access at
http://www.eurasianet.org]MELMET, Yasmin "China's Political and Economic Relations with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan", Central Asian Survey, 17 no. 2, June 1998, pp229-252 (Vertical File)
McNEILL, William The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, Chicago, Chicago Press, 1963
MENON, Rajan "Central Asia's Foreign Policy and Security Challenges: Implications for the United States", NBR Analysis, 6 no. 4, December 1995
MESBAHI, Mohiaddin (ed.) Central Asia and the Caucasus after the Soviet Union: Domestic and International Politics, Florida University Press, 1994
MILLER, Judith "The Challenge of Radical Islam", Foreign Affairs, Spring 1993, pp42-56
MILLER, William et al. A Culture of Corruption: Coping with Government in Post-Communist Europe, N.Y., Central European University Press, 2001
Milne, Elizabeth The Mongolian People's Republic: Toward a Market Economy, Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 1991
MOZAFFARI, Mehdi Fatwa: Violence and Discourtesy, Aarhus, Aarhus University Press, 1998
Nelson, Lynn D. & Kuzes, Irina Radical Reform in Yeltsin's Russia: Political, Economic, and Social Dimensions, Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1995
OLCOTT, Martha Brill Kazakhstan: A Faint-Hearted Democracy, Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999
Piscatori, James P. International Relations of the Asian Muslim States, Lanham, University Press of America, 1986
PRESTON, P.W. & GILSON, Julie The European Union and East Asia, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2001
PUGLISI, Rosaria "Clashing agendas? Economic Interests, Elite coalitions and Prospects for Co-operation between Russia and Ukraine", Europe-Asia Studies, 55 no. 6, September 2003, pp827-845 [Access via Infotrac Database]
RACZKA, Witt "Xinjiang and Its Central Asian Borderlands", Central Asian Survey, 17 no. 3, September 1998, pp373-408 (Vertical File)
Ramazanoglu, Huseyin Turkey in the World Capitalist System: A Study of Industrialisation, Power, and Class, Aldershots, Gower, 1985
Rashid, Ahmed The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism?, Karachi, OUP, 1994
RASHID, Ahmed "The Fires of Faith in Central Asia", World Policy Journal, 18 no 1, Spring 2001 [Access via Infotrac Database]
RIVERA, David W. "Engagement, Containment, and the International Politics of Eurasia", Political Science Quarterly, 118 no. 1, Spring 2003, pp81-106 [Access via Infotrac Database]
Rubin, Barnett The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1995
RUBIN, Barry & KIRISCI, Kemal (eds.) Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power, Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 2001
RUBINSTEIN, Alvin Z. & SMOLANSKY, Oles M. Regional Power Rivalries in the New Eurasia, M.E. Sharpe, 1995
Rupesinghe, Kumar et al. Ethnicity and Conflict in a Post-Communist World: the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1992
SAIKO, Tatyana Environmental Crises: Geographical Case Studies in Post-Socialist Eurasia, London, Longman Group United Kingdom, 2000
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The Blue Mosque,
Istanbul, one of the megacities between East and West.
(Photo © R. James Ferguson 2000)
Copyright R. James Ferguson 2004
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